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1 state under the protectorate
Дипломатический термин: государство, находящееся под протекторатомУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > state under the protectorate
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2 state under the protectorate
государство, находящееся под протекторатомАнгло-русский дипломатический словарь > state under the protectorate
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3 state under the protectorate
государство, находящееся под протекторатомEnglish-russian dctionary of diplomacy > state under the protectorate
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4 protectorate
protectorate [prə'tektərət]1 nounprotectorat m∎ the Protectorate le Protectoratⓘ THE PROTECTORATE Il s'agit de la période allant de 1653 à 1658, succédant à la guerre civile, pendant laquelle Oliver Cromwell, se proclamant "Lord Protector", exerça son autorité sur l'Angleterre. Son fils Richard lui succéda jusqu'en 1659. En dépit de l'existence du Parlement, le gouvernement de Cromwell était quasiment dictatorial et s'appuyait avant tout sur l'armée. Le Protectorat, qui vit l'essor du puritanisme dans la société anglaise, prit fin en 1659 lorsqu'un nouveau Parlement rétablit la monarchie.Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > protectorate
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5 protectorate
subst. \/prəˈtekt(ə)rət\/1) protektorat2) beskyttelse, vern -
6 protectorate
------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] protectorate[English Plural] protectorates[Swahili Word] nchi lindwa[Swahili Plural] nchi lindwa[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Related Words] -lindwa[English Definition] a country or territory that has parts of its sovereignty controlled by a larger or more powerful country[Swahili Definition] dola lililokabidhi sehemu za mamlaka yake mkononi mwa nchi kubwa na yenye nguvu[English Example] Puerto Rico was a protectorate of the US[Swahili Example] Pwetoriko ilikuwa nchi lindwa ya Marekani------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] protectorate[English Plural] protectorates[Swahili Word] mahamia[Swahili Plural] mahamia[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 6/6[Derived Language] Arabic[Derived Word] -hami[Related Words] -hami------------------------------------------------------------ -
7 Fifth Monarchy Men (An extreme Puritan sect that came into prominence in England during the Commonwealth and Protectorate)
Религия: "Люди Пятой монархии"Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Fifth Monarchy Men (An extreme Puritan sect that came into prominence in England during the Commonwealth and Protectorate)
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8 state
In1) государство2) штат•II1. nположение, состояние2. v1) излагать, заявлять, формулировать2) констатировать, утверждать -
9 Foreign policy
The guiding principle of Portuguese foreign policy since the founding of the monarchy in the 12th century has been the maintenance of Portugal's status first as an independent kingdom and, later, as a sovereign nation-state. For the first 800 years of its existence, Portuguese foreign policy and diplomacy sought to maintain the independence of the Portuguese monarchy, especially in relationship to the larger and more powerful Spanish monarchy. During this period, the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, which began with a treaty of commerce and friendship signed between the kings of Portugal and England in 1386 (the Treaty of Windsor) and continued with the Methuen Treaty in 1703, sought to use England ( Great Britain after 1707) as a counterweight to its landward neighbor, Spain.As three invasions of Portugal by Napoleon's armies during the first decade of the 19th century proved, however, Spain was not the only threat to Portugal's independence and security. Portugal's ally, Britain, provided a counterweight also to a threatening France on more than one occasion between 1790 and 1830. During the 19th century, Portugal's foreign policy became largely subordinate to that of her oldest ally, Britain, and standard Portuguese histories describe Portugal's situation as that of a "protectorate" of Britain. In two key aspects during this time of international weakness and internal turmoil, Portugal's foreign policy was under great pressure from her ally, world power Britain: responses to European conflicts and to the situation of Portugal's scattered, largely impoverished overseas empire. Portugal's efforts to retain massive, resource-rich Brazil in her empire failed by 1822, when Brazil declared its independence. Britain's policy of favoring greater trade and commerce opportunities in an autonomous Brazil was at odds with Portugal's desperate efforts to hold Brazil.Following the loss of Brazil and a renewed interest in empire in tropical Africa, Portugal sought to regain a more independent initiative in her foreign policy and, especially after 1875, overseas imperial questions dominated foreign policy concerns. From this juncture, through the first Republic (1910-26) and during the Estado Novo, a primary purpose of Portuguese foreign policy was to maintain Portuguese India, Macau, and its colonies in Africa: Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau. Under the direction of the dictator, Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, further efforts were made to reclaim a measure of independence of foreign policy, despite the tradition of British dominance. Salazar recognized the importance of an Atlantic orientation of the country's foreign policy. As Herbert Pell, U.S. Ambassador to Portugal (1937-41), observed in a June 1939 report to the U.S. Department of State, Portugal's leaders understood that Portugal must side with "that nation which dominates the Atlantic."During the 1930s, greater efforts were made in Lisbon in economic, financial, and foreign policy initiatives to assert a greater measure of flexibility in her dependence on ally Britain. German economic interests made inroads in an economy whose infrastructure in transportation, communication, and commerce had long been dominated by British commerce and investors. Portugal's foreign policy during World War II was challenged as both Allied and Axis powers tested the viability of Portugal's official policy of neutrality, qualified by a customary bow to the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, who served as minister of foreign affairs, as well as prime minister, during 1936-45, sought to sell his version of neutrality to both sides in the war and to do so in a way that would benefit Portugal's still weak economy and finance. Portugal's status as a neutral was keenly tested in several cases, including Portugal's agreeing to lease military bases to Britain and the United States in the Azores Islands and in the wolfram (tungsten ore) question. Portugal's foreign policy experienced severe pressures from the Allies in both cases, and Salazar made it clear to his British and American counterparts that Portugal sought to claim the right to make independent choices in policy, despite Portugal's military and economic weakness. In tense diplomatic negotiations with the Allies over Portugal's wolfram exports to Germany as of 1944, Salazar grew disheartened and briefly considered resigning over the wolfram question. Foreign policy pressure on this question diminished quickly on 6 June 1944, as Salazar decreed that wolfram mining, sales, and exports to both sides would cease for the remainder of the war. After the United States joined the Allies in the war and pursued an Atlantic strategy, Portugal discovered that her relationship with the dominant ally in the emerging United Nations was changing and that the U.S. would replace Britain as the key Atlantic ally during succeeding decades. Beginning in 1943-44, and continuing to 1949, when Portugal became, with the United States, a founding member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Luso-American relations assumed center stage in her foreign policy.During the Cold War, Portuguese foreign policy was aligned with that of the United States and its allies in Western Europe. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the focus of Portuguese foreign policy shifted away from defending and maintaining the African colonies toward integration with Europe. Since Portugal became a member of the European Economic Community in 1986, and this evolved into the European Union (EU), all Portuguese governments have sought to align Portugal's foreign policy with that of the EU in general and to be more independent of the United States. Since 1986, Portugal's bilateral commercial and diplomatic relations with Britain, France, and Spain have strengthened, especially those with Spain, which are more open and mutually beneficial than at any other time in history.Within the EU, Portugal has sought to play a role in the promotion of democracy and human rights, while maintaining its security ties to NATO. Currently, a Portuguese politician, José Manuel Durão Barroso, is president of the Commission of the EU, and Portugal has held the six-month rotating presidency of the EU three times, in 1992, 2000, and 2007. -
10 East Timor
Colony of Portugal from the 16th century to December 1975, with an area of 40,000 square kilometers (18,989 square miles). East Timor is located on the eastern portion of the island of Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. From 1975 to August 1999, when it was forcibly annexed and occupied by Indonesia, until May 2002, when it achieved full independence, East Timor was, in effect, a ward of the United Nations.In the 16th century, the Portuguese established trading posts on the island, but for centuries few Portuguese settled there, and the "colony" remained isolated and neglected. After the Dutch won control of Indonesia, there was a territorial dispute with Portugal as to who "owned" what on the island of Timor. In 1859, this question was decided as the Dutch and Portuguese governments formally divided the island into a Dutch portion (west) and the Portuguese colony (east) and established the frontier. From the late 19th century to World War I, Portugal consolidated its control of East Timor by means of military campaigns against the Timorese tribes. In addition to colonial officials, a few Portuguese missionaries and merchants occupied East Timor, but few Portuguese ever settled there.East Timor's geographic location close to the north coast of Australia and its sharing of one island in the Dutch colony catapulted it into world affairs early in World War II. To forestall a Japanese invasion of Timor, a joint Dutch-Australian expedition landed on 17 December 1941; the Portuguese authorities neither resisted nor cooperated. In February 1942, when Japanese troops landed in Timor, the small allied force fled to the hills and later was evacuated to Australia. Japan occupied all of Timor and the remainder of the Dutch East Indies until Japan's surrender in September 1945. Portugal soon reassumed control.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, East Timorese nationalist parties hoped for rapid decolonization and independence with Lisbon's cooperation. But on 28 November 1975, before a preoccupied Portugal could work out a formal transfer of power, the Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor (FRETILIN), then in control of the former colony's capital, declared independence, and, on 7 December 1975, Indonesian armed forces swiftly invaded, occupied, and annexed East Timor. In the following years, a tragic loss of life occurred. Portugal refused to recognize Indonesia's sovereignty over East Timor and claimed legal sovereignty before the United Nations.As Indonesia persistently and brutally suppressed Timorese nationalist resistance, world media attention focused on this still remote island. Several sensational international and Indonesian events altered the status of occupied East Timor, following the continuation of FRETILIN guerrilla resistance. In November 1991, world media disseminated information on the Indonesian forces' slaughter of East Timorese protesters at a cemetery demonstration in the capital of Dili. In 1996, two East Timorese, Bishop Belo and José Ramos Horta, each a symbol of East Timorese resistance and the desire for independence, shared the Nobel Peace Prize. Then, in 1998, in Indonesia, the Suharto regime collapsed and was replaced by a more democratic government, which in January 1999 pledged a free referendum in East Timor. On 30 August 1999, the referendum was held, and nearly 80 percent of the East Timorese voters voted for independence from Indonesia.However, Indonesian armed forces and militias reacted brutally, using intimidation, murder, mayhem, and razing of buildings to try to reverse the people's will. Following some weeks of confusion, a United Nations (UN) armed forces, led by Australia, took control of East Timor and declared it a UN protectorate, to last until East Timor was secure from Indonesian aggression and prepared for full independence. East Timor had changed from a Portuguese colony to an Indonesian protectorate/colony to a fledgling nation-in-the-making.The status of East Timor as a ward of the UN was made official on 25 October 1999, as the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor began to prepare the country for independence. Appalling conditions prevailed: 70 percent of the country's buildings had been destroyed and nearly half of the population of 800,000 had been driven out of East Timor into uneasy refuge in West Timor, under Indonesian control. A territory without an economy, East Timor lacked police, civil servants, schools, and government records.With UN assistance, general elections were held in the spring of 2002; the majority of parliamentary seats were won by FRETILIN, and José "Xanana" Gusmão was elected the first president. On 20 May 2002, East Timor became independent. World luminaries adorned the independence celebrations: UN secretary-general Kofi Annan, former U.S. president Bill Clinton, and other celebrities attended. But East Timor's travails continued with civil strife and uncertainty. -
11 treaty
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12 regime
n1) режим, строй; система•to cancel regime — ликвидировать режим / строй
to eliminate a regime — ликвидировать режим / строй
to establish regime — устанавливать режим / порядок
to impose a regime (on smb) — навязывать режим (кому-л.)
- anti-democratic regimeto set up a regime — устанавливать режим / порядок
- anti-national regime
- anti-popular regime
- authoritarian regime
- boundary regime
- brutal regime
- capitulations regime
- civilian regime
- colonial regime
- condemnation of the regime
- corrupt regime
- criminal regime
- crumbling regime
- decayed regime
- decomposing regime
- defunct regime
- demise of a regime
- democratic regime
- deposed regime
- despotic regime
- detested regime
- dictatorial regime
- dismantling of a regime
- downfall of a regime
- dying regime
- dynastic regime
- existing regime
- fall of a regime
- fascist regime
- fascist-type regime
- frontier regime
- gendarme regime
- genocidal regime
- hated regime
- illegitimate regime
- implacable regime
- installation of a regime
- international legal regime
- international regime of seaports
- legal regime
- mercenary regime
- military regime
- military-police regime
- minority regime
- monarchical regime
- monarchist regime
- national-democratic regime
- navigation regime
- nonexistent regime
- nonproliferation regime
- obsolete political regimes
- occupation regime
- oppressive regime
- passport regime
- patriotic regime
- people's democratic regime
- police regime
- preferential regime
- present regime
- presidential regime
- progressive regime
- protectorate regime
- pro-Western regime
- puppet regime
- reactionary regime
- regime of the high seas
- regime of the open sea
- regime of the territorial waters
- removal of the discriminatory regime
- safeguards regime
- secular regime
- social regime
- socialist regime
- stringent verification regime
- terrorist regime
- totalitarian regime
- treaty regime
- tsarist regime
- US-equipped and financed regimes
- verification regime
- violent overthrow of the regime
- white-minority regime -
13 regime
n фр.режим, строй -
14 puppet government
Синонимический ряд:subjugated nation (noun) buffer state; captive nation; colony; dependency; pawn state; protectorate; satellite; subjugated nation -
15 regime
n режим, лад- American sponsored regime проамериканський режим- conventional regime режим, встановлений за згодою- dictatorial regime диктаторський режим- international nuclear energy regime міжнародний режим в області ядерної енергетики- military-fascist regime воєнно-фашистський режим- non-proliferation regime режим нерозповсюдження (ядерної зброї)- occupation regime окупаційний режим- progressive regime прогресивний режим- protectorate regime режим протекторату- puppet regime маріонетковий режим- safeguards regime режим гарантій- social security regime система соціального забезпечення- to install a regime встановити режим/ систему правління- to reinforce the non-proliferation regime посилити режим нерозповсюдження (ядерної зброї)- to set up a regime встановити режим/ систему правління- to subject the regime to isolation піддавати режим ізоляції- to unseat a regime повалити режим/ систему правління -
16 colony
1. n поселение, колонияcrown colony — коронная колония; британская колония
2. n ист. тринадцать английских колоний в Северной Америке, преобразованных в штаты3. n колония, землячество, сообщество земляков4. n посёлок5. n колония, учреждение специального назначения6. n семья7. n биол. колония, соматически связанные организмыСинонимический ряд:1. American history (noun) American history; beginnings; British Crown Colony; forerunners; founding fathers; new land; pioneers; state; United States2. colonial state (noun) colonial state; daughter country; mandate; protectorate; satellite state; subject state3. community (noun) cluster; community; group; hamlet; homestead; settlement; village4. province (noun) dependency; possession; province; satellite; territory -
17 Fifth Monarchy Men
Религия: хилиасты, (An extreme Puritan sect that came into prominence in England during the Commonwealth and Protectorate) "Люди Пятой монархии" -
18 Lord Protector
[,lɔːdprə'tektə]лорд-проте́ктор (титул О.Кромвеля [Oliver Cromwell] и его сына Ричарда во время Протектората [ Protectorate])полн. Lord Protector of the CommonwealthEnglish-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > Lord Protector
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19 satellite
1. n астр. сателлит, спутник2. n искусственный спутникmanned satellite — обитаемый спутник, спутник с экипажем на борту
3. n приспешник; приверженец; сателлит4. n член свиты, участник торжественного кортежа; сопровождающее лицо5. n государство-сателлит6. n архит. город-спутник7. n амер. пригород8. n метеор. вторичный циклон9. n биол. спутник10. a вспомогательный; подчинённый11. v передавать через спутник связиСинонимический ряд:1. concomitant (adj.) accompanying; ancillary; attendant; attending; coincident; collateral; concomitant; incident2. follower (noun) adherent; cohort; disciple; follower; henchman; partisan; sectary; sectator; supporter3. moon (noun) artificial moon; minor planet; moon; moonlet; orbiter; planetoid; space station; spacecraft; telecommunications satellite4. subjugated nation (noun) buffer state; captive nation; colony; dependency; pawn state; protectorate; puppet government; subjugated nation -
20 territory
1. n земля, местность, район2. n территория3. n район действий коммивояжёра4. n участок, занимаемый данной особью5. n поле деятельностиthis is more familiar territory — это более знакомая почва;
6. n область, сфера7. n спорт. половина поля8. n спорт. зонаСинонимический ряд:1. area (noun) area; belt; commonwealth; county; domain; empire; expanse; kingdom; national soil; principality; realm; state; tract; zone2. colony (noun) colony; dependency; possession; protectorate; province; trust3. confines (noun) confines; country; land; region; terrain; turf4. field (noun) bailiwick; champaign; demesne; dominion; field; precinct; sphere; walk
См. также в других словарях:
(the) Protectorate — the Protectorate [the Protectorate] the period from 1653 to 1658 when Oliver Cromwell ruled Britain with the title of ↑Lord Protector, and from 1658 to 1659 when his son Richard (1626–1712) ruled with the same title. During this time … Useful english dictionary
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